I love the old interent. I'll confess I have three locality domains and they are wonderful.
I'll confess I have successfully registered a locality domain this year (2025) and it was a little bit fun to go through the weird hoops to get this new domain registered.
I'm also working on/helping out a registrar whose owned died and his widow is resolving what to do with the non-profit.
A related quaint couple of blogs[1][2] if you're feeling nostalgic and motivated to register your own:
Subdivided geographic TLDs are still common in Ontario govts, such as gov.on.ca [1] and tdsb.on.ca for Toronto schools.[2] Both are still in common use.
Australia does the same for organizations regulated at the state level, like schools. However, while all other states/territories do $SCHOOL.$STATE.edu.au:
For Queensland it looks like private schools get a .qld.edu.au domain and state schools get an .eq.edu.au one. For example: https://www.twgs.qld.edu.au/ .
country wide like that must be a bit of a pain for local web admins for those municipalities to make changes through the bureaucracy of government DNS/registrar keyholders. I have a friend who works for a university web services and adding any subdomain takes months to a year+ with committees, boards, meetings and approvals they have to go through first
in what I find to be unfortunate, I have noticed a trend in the reverse direction.
http://shoreviewmn.gov/ should have a dot between the city and the state. they chose some form of human usability over precision. I trust it ever so slightly less, because it is cute before hierarchical.
https://www.mvpschools.org/ formerly https://www.moundsviewschools.org are the domain names for a school district. The fact they chose the P between mv and school (which stands for public) makes it look like phishing or social engineering. It erodes trust in both technical decisions and branding decisions made.
Because domains are hard to read, and people were never taught to read them, we lost out on being able to establish trust because something reads "mv.k12.mn.us" (or preferably us.mn.k12.mv) which is two characters SHORTER than mvpschools.org!
There are still rules on who gets priority on names: toronto.ca is the government but toronto.com is a news organization; ditto for canada.ca and canada.com; ontario.ca versus ontario.com; etc.
The three/four-level domains are now generally grandfathered.
Yeah of course adding the extra dot will work. The dot at the end simply means do not try to append the local search domain. Interestingly bad “security” software will often block domains without the trailing dot but permit the one with the trailing dot.
The problem of having two hierarchies in opposite directions means that it is advantageous to store it while reversing one of the hierarchies. I think the earliest Google Search backend used a format like org.myorg.something/something internally. This representation worked great for key-value storage systems where the keys are sorted.
> Technically speaking, the top of the DNS tree, the DNS root, is a null label referenced by a trailing dot. It's analogous to the '/' at the beginning of POSIX file paths. "gatech.edu" really should be written as "gatech.edu." to make it absolute rather than relative
I have never seen this, but I just tried it and it seems like browsers, even today will happily handle such URLs.
They need to, as when the "." is not present, your search domains are used, but they are not used when the trailing "." is present.
For example, if you enter "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com", and your search domains contain one item called "mycompany.tld", then the browser will first query DNS servers for "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com.", and when an NXDOMAIN is returned, they will try "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com.mycompany.tld." next. If you type "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com." in the browser directly, only the first query is attempted.
Some browsers (and web servers, proxies, and other things) treat "example.com" and "example.com." differently for various things, like the default limit of per-domain parallel connections. See for instance https://daniel.haxx.se/blog/2022/05/12/a-tale-of-a-trailing-...
.su is available for registration, I'm not sure what the "in a limited way" is about. In Russia it's used to communicate old-schoolness, approximately.
It definitely is. In Germany, somebody was selling fraudulent public transit e-tickets on an .su domain for a while last year.
Not sure who the “.su” was supposed to appeal to, but they were slightly cheaper than officially licensed ones, which probably helped more than the TLD :)
I didn’t realize how far these had fallen out of fashion. I maintained http://kenn.cr.k12.ia.us for a time, and it was so hard to remember that domain (scarcely easier than an IP address) until I tried to understand it. It’s now kennedy.crschools.us.
My high school is still at www-bths.stjohns.k12.fl.us, and if it wasn’t embedded in my fingertips from working IT there I’d have no idea how anyone is supposed to remember it.
I did sysadmin work for both a .k12.oh.us and a co.countyname.oh.us. Users at both hated the suffix on email addresses. The hierarchy appeals to the nerd in me but I understand the difficulty people had trying to communicate the addresses to others. (Both now use a .com and .gov domain, respectively...)
Cloudflare refuses to accept most locality based domains as delegated because they aren’t listed in the Public Suffix List[1]. So for example you can’t use Cloudflare DNS or get a TLS cert for it from them.
Fortunately they seem to be one of the few (only?) providers who does that. So use another DNS provider and Letsencrypt and you’re good to go.
My school didn't have a domain name or even an email address, or even an internet connection. I think it had 1 or 2 BBC Micros though. I remember playing a game where you had to fire a cannon (choose angle and power) and hit something. Funny how memory works - I assumed I'd remember nothing as so long ago, but remember sitting in the room playing that game now, can't remember why I could though (why I had free access).
Based on the age of the bbc micro, no way it was scorched earth, tanx seems likely (I think it was 3d tanx? I have a vague memory of seeing this in a vintage collection)
It did always make me really annoyed they didn’t deprecate .gov, .edu and .mil and transition to moving those under .us (as .gov.us, .edu.us and .mil.us).
Having them as basically US-only just reeks of American exceptionalism which most of the world finds very distasteful.
I don't think there's any reason to deprecate .edu and move it under the us TLD. Nothing about .edu is US-specific, unlike gov and mil. You could perfectly reasonably have oxford.edu, etc.
I love the old interent. I'll confess I have three locality domains and they are wonderful.
I'll confess I have successfully registered a locality domain this year (2025) and it was a little bit fun to go through the weird hoops to get this new domain registered.
I'm also working on/helping out a registrar whose owned died and his widow is resolving what to do with the non-profit.
A related quaint couple of blogs[1][2] if you're feeling nostalgic and motivated to register your own:
[1] https://sleepless.seattle.wa.us/2022-07-01-110449/
[2] http://nguyen.cincinnati.oh.us/locality.html
Subdivided geographic TLDs are still common in Ontario govts, such as gov.on.ca [1] and tdsb.on.ca for Toronto schools.[2] Both are still in common use.
[1] https://kagi.com/search?q=site%3Agov.on.ca&r=ca&sh=lUDz_I8Uq...
[2] https://kagi.com/search?q=site%3ATDSB.on.ca&r=ca&sh=jysEnEgZ...
Australia does the same for organizations regulated at the state level, like schools. However, while all other states/territories do $SCHOOL.$STATE.edu.au:
https://www.abbotsfordps.vic.edu.au/
https://southperthps.wa.edu.au/
https://perthprimary.education.tas.edu.au/
https://nthadelaideps.sa.edu.au/
https://www.nightcliffprimary.nt.edu.au/
https://www.forrestps.act.edu.au/
NSW uses $SCHOOL.schools.nsw.gov.au:
https://innersydneyhighschool.schools.nsw.gov.au/
And Queensland for some bizarre reason uses "eq" ("Education in Queensland", apparently) instead of the standard "qld":
https://townsvillesouthss.eq.edu.au/
For Queensland it looks like private schools get a .qld.edu.au domain and state schools get an .eq.edu.au one. For example: https://www.twgs.qld.edu.au/ .
In Norway we have kommune.no for municipalities.
For example:
- Oslo https://www.oslo.kommune.no/ the largest municipality in terms of population, and home of Oslo the capital of Norway
- Utsira http://www.utsira.kommune.no/ the smallest municipality in terms of population with just 217 people per 2025.
- Nordkapp https://www.nordkapp.kommune.no/ home of the famous Nordkapp (North Cape)
And there is vgs.no for High Schools.
For example:
- Elvebakken videregående skole https://elvebakken.vgs.no/
- Nydalen videregående skole https://nydalen.vgs.no/
- Foss videregående skole https://foss.vgs.no/
These two and some others are called category domains and are managed by Norid, who also run the .no registry as a whole.
https://www.norid.no/en/om-domenenavn/regelverk-for-no/#4.-A...
country wide like that must be a bit of a pain for local web admins for those municipalities to make changes through the bureaucracy of government DNS/registrar keyholders. I have a friend who works for a university web services and adding any subdomain takes months to a year+ with committees, boards, meetings and approvals they have to go through first
Oslo Commune will have control of oslo.kommune.no, i.e. there are DNS records pointing to the commune's DNS server.
It's no different to administer than if they had oslokommune.no.
(Just like dealing with bbc.co.uk is no different to administer than bbc.com.)
in what I find to be unfortunate, I have noticed a trend in the reverse direction.
http://shoreviewmn.gov/ should have a dot between the city and the state. they chose some form of human usability over precision. I trust it ever so slightly less, because it is cute before hierarchical.
https://www.mvpschools.org/ formerly https://www.moundsviewschools.org are the domain names for a school district. The fact they chose the P between mv and school (which stands for public) makes it look like phishing or social engineering. It erodes trust in both technical decisions and branding decisions made.
Because domains are hard to read, and people were never taught to read them, we lost out on being able to establish trust because something reads "mv.k12.mn.us" (or preferably us.mn.k12.mv) which is two characters SHORTER than mvpschools.org!
For dot-ca, it (used to be) historically mandated that you had to use the 'closest' geographic locale for your domain, which is how we got https://transit.toronto.on.ca (which now goes to https://transittoronto.ca).
At some point CIRA (the non-profit that now runs .ca) stopped making that a requirement.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca
There are still rules on who gets priority on names: toronto.ca is the government but toronto.com is a news organization; ditto for canada.ca and canada.com; ontario.ca versus ontario.com; etc.
The three/four-level domains are now generally grandfathered.
Freenet.Hamilton.on.ca got me online in the early days!
I recall a rather tech-savvy teacher struggling to write his school-board provided email address for students to submit some assignments to.
Was something reasonable until the @firstclass.schoolname.xyzdsb.city.on.ca or some related silliness
www.gov.mb.ca www.gov.nb.ca www.gov.pe.ca www.gov.ns.ca www.gov.ab.ca www.gov.bc.ca www.gov.on.ca www.gov.nf.ca www.gov.yt.ca www.gov.nt.ca www.gov.nu.ca
Some redirect. Sask. and Que. break the pattern, but both have various government sites under .gov.sk.ca and .gouv.qc.ca (comme de juste).
I grew up with *.pinellas.k12.fl.us and that domain remains seared into my memory.
The notion that community colleges can't use .edu no longer seems true. When I took community college classes, I got an @my.smccd.edu email address.
> "gatech.edu" really should be written as "gatech.edu."
https://www.gatech.edu./ does seem to work for me.
It is interesting that URLs often contain two hierarchies in opposite directions:
https://something.myorg.org/something/more/specific/
Yeah of course adding the extra dot will work. The dot at the end simply means do not try to append the local search domain. Interestingly bad “security” software will often block domains without the trailing dot but permit the one with the trailing dot.
The problem of having two hierarchies in opposite directions means that it is advantageous to store it while reversing one of the hierarchies. I think the earliest Google Search backend used a format like org.myorg.something/something internally. This representation worked great for key-value storage systems where the keys are sorted.
its not really two hierarchies, its just one written backwards for a while, and then forward.
if you reverse the backwards part you get
https://org.myorg.something./something/more/specific/
the dots separate computers or networks and the slashes separate folders.
Indeed, back in the 90s I remember trying to decide whether to do foo.bar.com or bar.com/foo for various subsites of my main domain back then.
Absolutely fascinating history. I thought I knew DNS fairly well and I had no idea that locality-based domains were even a thing.
Ah, what happened to the site design? It used to have a lovely background and monospace text.
> Technically speaking, the top of the DNS tree, the DNS root, is a null label referenced by a trailing dot. It's analogous to the '/' at the beginning of POSIX file paths. "gatech.edu" really should be written as "gatech.edu." to make it absolute rather than relative
I have never seen this, but I just tried it and it seems like browsers, even today will happily handle such URLs.
Neat!
They need to, as when the "." is not present, your search domains are used, but they are not used when the trailing "." is present.
For example, if you enter "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com", and your search domains contain one item called "mycompany.tld", then the browser will first query DNS servers for "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com.", and when an NXDOMAIN is returned, they will try "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com.mycompany.tld." next. If you type "ajdfajkhdfkajd.com." in the browser directly, only the first query is attempted.
what's search domain?
The comment explains it.
Some browsers (and web servers, proxies, and other things) treat "example.com" and "example.com." differently for various things, like the default limit of per-domain parallel connections. See for instance https://daniel.haxx.se/blog/2022/05/12/a-tale-of-a-trailing-...
> Even today
It's not like it's archaic. You still use the trailing dot when setting up DNS records to ensure they're unambiguous.
Presumably they just split the “domain” part out of the URL on // and the first / and feed that into getaddrinfo, with the OS and DNS doing the rest?
But I agree, it’s definitely neat :)
.su is available for registration, I'm not sure what the "in a limited way" is about. In Russia it's used to communicate old-schoolness, approximately.
It definitely is. In Germany, somebody was selling fraudulent public transit e-tickets on an .su domain for a while last year.
Not sure who the “.su” was supposed to appeal to, but they were slightly cheaper than officially licensed ones, which probably helped more than the TLD :)
I didn’t realize how far these had fallen out of fashion. I maintained http://kenn.cr.k12.ia.us for a time, and it was so hard to remember that domain (scarcely easier than an IP address) until I tried to understand it. It’s now kennedy.crschools.us.
My high school is still at www-bths.stjohns.k12.fl.us, and if it wasn’t embedded in my fingertips from working IT there I’d have no idea how anyone is supposed to remember it.
I did sysadmin work for both a .k12.oh.us and a co.countyname.oh.us. Users at both hated the suffix on email addresses. The hierarchy appeals to the nerd in me but I understand the difficulty people had trying to communicate the addresses to others. (Both now use a .com and .gov domain, respectively...)
Cloudflare refuses to accept most locality based domains as delegated because they aren’t listed in the Public Suffix List[1]. So for example you can’t use Cloudflare DNS or get a TLS cert for it from them.
Fortunately they seem to be one of the few (only?) providers who does that. So use another DNS provider and Letsencrypt and you’re good to go.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Suffix_List
Wow yes, I also remember my high school's k12 domain name! What an interesting trip down memory lane; wonderful, like most of computer.rip!
Is it possible to register e.g. X.ca.us domains today? What are the criteria required to do so?
bergen might have dropped the ball but hunterdon’s still works and is in full use: https://www.co.hunterdon.nj.us/
Library ditched it for hclibrary.us though. Used to be able to telnet to the catalog at pac.hunterdon.lib.nj.us
My school didn't have a domain name or even an email address, or even an internet connection. I think it had 1 or 2 BBC Micros though. I remember playing a game where you had to fire a cannon (choose angle and power) and hit something. Funny how memory works - I assumed I'd remember nothing as so long ago, but remember sitting in the room playing that game now, can't remember why I could though (why I had free access).
> a game where you had to fire a cannon (choose angle and power) and hit something.
Scortched Earth?
Or one of its predecessors, Tanx.
Based on the age of the bbc micro, no way it was scorched earth, tanx seems likely (I think it was 3d tanx? I have a vague memory of seeing this in a vintage collection)
Many US cities use .us for their official web pages
eg: www.ci.east-palo-alto.ca.us
It did always make me really annoyed they didn’t deprecate .gov, .edu and .mil and transition to moving those under .us (as .gov.us, .edu.us and .mil.us).
Having them as basically US-only just reeks of American exceptionalism which most of the world finds very distasteful.
I don't think there's any reason to deprecate .edu and move it under the us TLD. Nothing about .edu is US-specific, unlike gov and mil. You could perfectly reasonably have oxford.edu, etc.
I wonder if some anti-“west” military alliances are eligible to get their own .int just like nato.int
There's a list: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organizations_with_.in...
I don't see why a non-western military alliance wouldn't be eligible, so long as the meet the criteria — treaty registered with the UN etc.
Even if they dejure meet the requirements, I suspect that IANA would be under heavy political pressure to deny the claim.
I had a us local domain back in the early 90s, back when uucp still ruled!
Some IRC networks still use naming as such like "server.state.country.dal.net."